Grammar Summary B1 | Amor Boudabbous

1. Present Simple

Definition: Used for habitual actions, general truths, and fixed schedules.
Rules:

Add -s or -es to the base verb for third-person singular (he, she, it).
Use the base verb for other subjects (I, we, you, they).
Negative form: Use do not (don’t) or does not (doesn’t) + base verb.
Examples:
“I walk to school every day.”
“The sun rises in the east.”
Time Frame: Repeated or habitual actions in the present.

2. Present Continuous & Adverbs of Frequency

Definition: Used for actions happening right now or temporary actions. Adverbs of frequency show how often something occurs.
Rules:

Formed with am/is/are + verb-ing.
Use adverbs like always, often, or sometimes to describe frequency.
Negative form: Add not after the auxiliary verb (am not/is not/are not).
Examples:
“She is studying for her exam now.”
“He is always talking loudly.”
Time Frame: Actions happening at this very moment or frequently.

3. Past Simple

Definition: Used to describe completed actions in the past.
Rules:

Regular verbs: Add -ed to the base verb.
Irregular verbs: Use their specific past forms (e.g., go → went).
Negative form: Use did not (didn’t) + base verb.
Examples:
“I visited Paris last year.”
“She cooked dinner yesterday.”
Time Frame: A specific point in the past.

4. Past Continuous

Definition: Used to describe actions that were in progress at a specific time in the past.
Rules:

Formed with was/were + verb-ing.
Negative form: Add not after the auxiliary verb (was not/were not).
Examples:
“I was reading a book when the phone rang.”
“They were playing football at 5 PM.”
Time Frame: Actions ongoing in the past.

5. Time Sequences

Definition: Words like when, then, after that, because, so, but, although show the sequence or reason of actions.
Rules:

Use when to indicate simultaneous or sequential actions.
Use after/before to show the order of events.
Examples:
“I was late because the bus broke down.”
“After that, we went to the park.”
Time Frame: Past or present.

6. Be Going To (Plans and Predictions)

Definition: Used for planned future actions or predictions based on evidence.
Rules:

Formed with am/is/are + going to + base verb.
Negative form: Add not after the auxiliary verb (am not/is not/are not).
Examples:
“I am going to visit my grandparents tomorrow.”
“Look at the sky; it is going to rain.”
Time Frame: The future.

7. Present Continuous (Future Arrangements)

Definition: Used to talk about fixed future plans.
Rules:

Same structure as the present continuous: am/is/are + verb-ing.
Time references like tomorrow, next week, or on Monday indicate future use.
Examples:
“We are meeting at 7 PM tomorrow.”
“She is flying to New York next week.”
Time Frame: Fixed events in the near future.

8. Defining Relative Clauses

Definition: Used to provide essential information about a noun using words like who, which, where.
Rules:

Who: Refers to people.
Which: Refers to things.
Where: Refers to places.
Examples:
“The boy who is wearing a red cap is my brother.”
“This is the book which I borrowed from the library.”
Time Frame: Present or past context.

9. Present Perfect (Yet, Just, Already)

Definition: Used to describe actions that have relevance to the present.
Rules:

Formed with have/has + past participle.
Use just, already, or yet for emphasis.
Examples:
“I have just finished my homework.”
“She has already left for school.”
“They haven’t arrived yet.”
Time Frame: Actions completed at an unspecified time before now.

10. Present Perfect or Past Simple (Ever, Never)

Definition: Used to contrast completed actions in the past (Past Simple) with experiences or actions with relevance to the present (Present Perfect).
Rules:

Present Perfect: have/has + past participle.
Past Simple: Use the past form of the verb.
Examples:
“Have you ever visited Italy?” (Present Perfect)
“I never went there.” (Past Simple)
Time Frame: Past and present comparison.

11. Something/Anything/Nothing

Definition: Used to refer to things in different contexts (positive, negative, and interrogative).
Rules:

Something: Positive statements.
Anything: Negative statements or questions.
Nothing: To express absence.
Examples:
“I want something to eat.”
“I don’t need anything right now.”
“There’s nothing in the fridge.”
Time Frame: Depends on context.

12. Comparatives (Adjectives)

Definition: Used to compare two things or people.
Rules:

Add -er to short adjectives or use more for longer adjectives.
Use than to compare.
Examples:
“She is taller than her brother.”
“This book is more interesting than the last one.”
Time Frame: Present or past.

13. Superlatives

Definition: Used to describe the highest degree of a quality.
Rules:

Add -est to short adjectives or use most for longer adjectives.
Use the before the superlative.
Examples:
“He is the tallest player on the team.”
“This is the most beautiful painting in the gallery.”
Time Frame: Present or past.

14. Quantifiers

Definition: Words like too much, too many, too few, too little, and enough quantify nouns.
Rules:

Use too much/too little for uncountable nouns.
Use too many/too few for countable nouns.
Use enough for both.
Examples:
“There is too much noise in the room.”
“We have enough chairs for everyone.”
Time Frame: Present or past.

Speaking and Writing

1-Describe a picture or painting.

2-Describe a problem in a hotel you spent time with friends.

3-Your last holiday.

4-Description of your favorite photos.

5-Happy ending or sad ending (because/so/other).

6-Present your plan (future: going to).

7-Write an email about travel arrangements (future).

8-Order food in a restaurant/problem.

9-Great weekend (something/anything/nothing).

10- Write description of your own town or city.

This covers all the subjects we have learned, if I haven’t missed any theme.